GLP-1 receptor agonists, abbreviated as GLP-1s, are a group of medications utilized in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. By mimicking the activity of the hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 they produce therapeutic effects.
The GLP-1 Receptor
GLP-1s function by stimulating the GLP-1 receptor, leading to a decrease in blood sugar levels, reduced appetite, and lower food intake, ultimately aiding in weight loss.
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, commonly referred to as the GLP-1 receptor, is a G protein-coupled receptor. Its primary function is in maintaining glucose metabolism and energy balance.
This receptor is predominantly located on the outer surface of pancreatic beta cells, where it reacts to the hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) by promoting the release of insulin and suppressing the release of glucagon.
The GLP-1 receptor is present in various other tissues, such as the brain, where it plays a role in controlling appetite, satiety, and glucose metabolism.
American Diabetes Association Guideline Recommended Type 2 Diabetes Treatment
According to the 2022 American Diabetes Association guidelines, GLP-1 agonists are recommended as an initial treatment option for type 2 diabetes in individuals with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or obesity.
Examples of GLP-1 agonists include:
exenatide,
lixisenatide,
liraglutide,
albiglutide,
dulaglutide,
and semaglutide.
Originally designed for type 2 diabetes treatment, these medications are now also prescribed for obesity, related to the previously mentioned GLP-1 receptor stimulation, which, in addition to decreased blood sugar levels, can reduce appetite and lower food intake, thereby aiding in weight loss.
Potential Side Effects
Gastrointestinal complaints are the most notable side effect. These seem more pronounced in short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists.
Common effects of GLP-1s:
Gastrointestinal complaints, including:
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Constipation
Headache
Injection site issues
Nasopharyngitis
Serious, but rare effects may include:
Cardiovascular events
Intestinal blockage (ileus)
Pancreatitis
Pancreatic cancer
Remember, only healthcare providers can prescribe GLP-1 agonists. They are prescribed for Type 2 diabetes and obesity. Individuals should not share or take shared medications. In collaboration with the healthcare provider, team members will determine the most suitable and personalized treatment regimen for patients and oversee potential impacts/adverse effects.
Helpful Video:
Mechanism of Action for GLP 1 RAs: "The How"
Resources:
CDC
NIH